Ivey Lee
ENG 1102-025
Megan Keaton
25 March 2013
Annotated
Bibliography
1. Prevention India. Mar2011,
p17-17. 1p. 11 March 2013.
This article is a good
article to start out with for my topic because introduces me to the vital basic
information in order to understand the three different learning methods. It
includes that the visual learner stays focused by taking notes and
highlighting. A visual learner is said to be good a spelling, reading fast,
puzzles, and drawing. They prefer studying alone and tend to be neat. The
auditory learner stays focused by listening, answering questions, and studying
with a partner or small group. They have a wide range of vocabulary and excel
in theatre and debate. They can to be easily distracted by noise. Lastly, the
kinesthetic learner retains most information when they are active and moving
around. They gesture a lot when speaking, can’t sit still for long, and tend to
love open spaces. These kinds of learners excel in outdoor activities and
making models. These people also tend to be unorganized.
The author explains herself well because
they give a basic overview of each learning style and then list characteristics
of each style so that the reader can get a deep understanding of each one. At
the end of the article, she talks about her family members and their styles.
This supports her argument because she is giving a real life situation, which
helps the reader understand the three learning methods better.
This is a good starting article to use in
my paper so that when I start, I can give a basis of the different learning
methods so my readers won’t be lost. This is less of an argument and more of a
fact-based article. I can use these facts in the beginning of my inquiry paper.
Quote 1: "With an
understanding of this paradigm researched extensively by Dunn & Dunn
(2000), learning becomes more
fun and certainly more productive” (2).
Quote 2: “One child may
learn by writing notes or making diagrams, whereas another may learn by reading
aloud, through brainstorming”
(1).
Quote 3: “Most of us are a
mix of different learning
styles. However, each one has a preference for a particular modality” (1).
2.
Leopold,
Lisa. TESL Canada Journal, v29 n2 p96-102 Spr 2012. 11 March 2013.
The main points of this
article are basically stating the three main learning methods; auditory,
visual, and kinesthetic; and how a teacher should go about teaching this
information to accommodate for each learning preference. This article lists
ways in which a teacher can teach a student so that a student from each style
can comprehend it. The examples for an auditory learner include reading aloud,
discussion, debate, and lectures. The visual learner learns best through the
use of charts, drawings, and pictures. Finally, the kinesthetic learner
understands material through the use of movement, drama, competitions, and
handling objects/models. This article also talks about different cultures and
the learning methods they prefer. For example, the article states that Asian
international students don’t work well with auditory learning. It also states
that students who are enrolled in intensive English programs in the US prefer
kinesthetic learning.
In this article, the author
is arguing that in order for students to retain the most information they can
and make it easy for them to understand it, the instructor must accommodate for
each students’ learning preferences. They make this argument by proving how
well learning works when a student is taught with his/her preferred learning
method. The author also argues that teachers should try to combine all learning
methods into their curriculum in order to reach maximum amount of learning for
all students. She clearly makes this argument because she states it when explaining
about teachers and their teaching methods (98, paragraph 2).
Before this article, I was
more interested in the correlation between gender/age and learning styles but
this article introduces me to the idea of a correlation between cultures and
learning styles. I agree with the writer in the aspect that a teacher should
accommodate for all learning styles in a classroom. This article opens the idea
of focusing on cultures but also gives me a basis of the three different
learning styles I am researching.
Quote 1: “Several Scholars
conclude that culture is one of the determining factors that affect a students’
preferred learning styles”
(97).
Quote 2: “Among children of cultural minority
groups, a mismatch in teaching and learning styles has been linked to poor
academic performance and negative attitudes toward education. Conversely, a
match between learning and teaching styles has been correlated with higher
student achievement rates” (97).
Quote 3: “Without abandoning the principal tenets
of the process approach to writing, I argue that instructors should attempt to
diversify their writing pedagogy to include all learning style preferences”
(98).
3.
Sprenger, Marilee. Differentiation Through Learning Styles
and Memory. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Corwin Press, 2003. Print.
The main points
of this section of the book explain how information is processed into the
brain, some characteristics of people who are different learners, and in-depth
studies of the different types of learning. This book goes into detail about
each type of learning style which are still visual, auditory, and kinesthetic.
This book introduces new sub-categories to the kinesthetic learner. These
categories include “hands-on learner”,
“whole-body learners”, and “doodlers.” This book also goes into detail about
the different ways in which a child can be introduced to new material and emphasizes
that an order for these methods is important.
The author is arguing that information
enters the brain through the senses. Smell is the only sense that isn’t
processed the same way. The information then enters the thalamus where the
information gets sorted. Visual information goes to the visual cortex, auditory
information goes to the auditory cortex, and kinesthetic information goes to
the motor strip and the cerebellum. If the information is deemed important, the
hippocampus labels is for long-term memory. The author also argues that our
senses are extremely vital in the learning process. Sprenger also argues that
each person has a preferred sensory system. The main point that the author is
trying to point out is that it is up to the student to figure out his/her
preferred learning method opposed to the teacher conforming to the students’
needs.
From this section of the book, I plan
to introduce the three new kinesthetic categories. These are helpful because it
will give the reader a better understanding of exactly what that learning style
is. I plan on listing the characteristics that a person will most likely have
depending on their learning style preference. I find it interesting that
someone can most likely determine a personal characteristic based off of
learning style. I like this text because it gives lots of vital information
necessary to have a thorough factual paper.
Quote 1: “But it is more
important that the student understand their preferences, so they can learn with
their strengths” (35).
Quote 2: “All of your sense are always “on”… Since
all information is received through our five senses, many researchers feel that
a preference is developed for a specific sense” (33).
Quote 3: “Information enters the brain though the
senses. All sensory information except the sense of smell is processed the same
way” (32).
4. Gregory,
Gayle, and Carolyn Chapman. Differentiated Instructional Strategies: One Size
Doesn't Fit All. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Corwin Press, 2007. Print.
This article includes
information about the three learning styles and also introduces 2 new styles.
The new styles that this books includes are “tactile” and
“tactile/kinesthetic.” Tactile learners learn best by handling objects and
being involved with concrete objects. This book also denotes that learning is
affected by many factors. Time of day, background sound, and design structure
can affect a person’s ability to learn depending on his/her learning
preference. This book includes the % for which a person is more likely to
retain something and what they should do to make this happen. This book breaks
down each learning style in a different way in order to get more familiar with
each method.
The very first page of this
book argues that all students are different and that one learning style
certainly does not fit everyone. The authors of this book argue that student
differ in physical abilities and social development. In this book, the author
is also arguing that a person can be intelligent in many different ways and
those ways are influenced by learning style. The authors of this book
introduced a new learning style: tactile learning. They are arguing that this
style is just as important as the others and some students prefer this to
others. As stated above, the authors believe that many factors affect a
person’s ability to learn. Cooperation, time of day, lighting, noise, and
design structure are all factors that can help or hurt a student when trying to
learn. The authors argue that the sense someone prefers to learn with
correlates to the factor that can hinder or help ones learning.
I agree with the authors’
arguments that learning styles differ from person to person. I am a visual and
kinesthetic learner and dislike auditory learning. I can’t retain information
well when I hear it but I prefer seeing it. This book made me think about
factors that affect learning. How does the factor correlate with learning
style? This text provides my factual paper with more information about the
three topics of learning.
Quote 1: “Experience, as
well as the research we now have about the human brain, tells us that students
are different, that they learning differently and heave different likes,
preferences, and needs” (1).
Quote 2: “It is important for teachers to be aware
of the different modalities and provide adequate activities that tap into each
of them during the school day. The more teachers can involve all modalities and
learning styles, the more chances they have of engaging learners in using their
whole brains” (24).
Quote 3: “It is with utmost importance that we
recognize and nurture all of the varied human intelligences, and all the
combinations of intelligences” (Gardner 33).
5. Gregory,
Gayle, and Lin Kuzmich. Differentiated Literacy Strategies for Student Growth
and Achievement in Grades K-6. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Corwin Press, 2005. Print.
This book is like the others
in the way that it talks about the different learning styles. The difference is
that this book associates those styles with genders. This book also book breaks
down the learning stages of children into two sub categories: reading and
writing. Developmental stages are introduced into the idea of learning styles.
Ones style may change as he or she grows. This book also introduces the new
idea that “learning involves conscious and unconscious attention.” This means
that the brain’s ability to retain information is affected by stimuli such as
body language, classroom climate, and orderliness.
The arguments being made
deal with gender, age, and stimuli. This book is arguing that girls are more
likely to be smarter than boys, measured by how much they read and the ratio of
boys to girls in special education classes. The authors argue that the critical
learning time in a person’s life is ages 5-12. They argue that 5 year olds need
to be taught things one at a time, 8 year olds are talkative and have lots of
energy, and that by 12 years old the students are self-aware and have an
interest in current worldly events. Lastly, the authors are arguing that
outside stimuli can affect a students learning. The authors believe that the
temperature of a room can alter ones ability to learn material.
I will use the information
given to me about stimuli to relate it to the other book. These points will
help add to my factual paper about learning styles and the ages and genders of
each. I agree with the writers in the fact that “every brain is unique.” Many
authors from the other books have added that each student learns differently
and this will be the main focus of my paper. Lastly, this book provides me with
the finishing pieces of information to finish my factual paper.
Quote 1: “The brain is very
susceptible to school, home, and life experiences that are either positive or
negative. Any experiences that affect our emotions affect our learning” (40).
Quote 2: “This is a result of nature and
nurture…These differences play out through leaning styles and different
strategies in areas of intelligence” (42).
Quote 3: “Peripheral stimuli include
everything from body language to classroom climate to physical environment,
including décor and orderliness” (42).
